War has never been only men’s domain, but research on conflict has historically marginalized women’s contributions.

The integration (or exclusion) of women from demobilization and reintegration programming, peace negotiations, and former-militant political parties affects the nature of the post-conflict political settlement. VNSAs’ gender dynamics and the diverse experiences of women participants also shape post-conflict processes and durable peace efforts. Women’s participation in VNSAs is significant both for the characteristics of political violence-as women often have unique discursive importance to organizational narratives and representations-and for conflict outcomes. Women participate in VNSAs for a myriad of reasons and through a number of pathways: they join voluntarily as politicized recruits are recruited through economic resources, potential for adventure, or other practical opportunities may view VNSAs as a survival choice or may be forcibly recruited.

They engage in the front-line environment as armed fighters participate off the front line as spies, recruiters, medics, and logisticians and lead military units, hold political positions, and craft policy and outreach efforts. Women are active participants in violent non-state actors/organizations (VNSAs).

Women and armed conflict